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The Turing Test will be passed by a machine who could fool a human into thinking that he be in communication with another human. He and other pioneers declare that advances in Robotics and in Automatics (from the Greek word "automaton", meaning "that who acts by itself"), will make possible the construction of thinking machines. About 1925: Carel Czapek uses the term "robota" (Czech word meaning "worker") in his Scientific Fiction story R.U.R. It is the first use of the term "bit" (binal digit or binary digit), although the concept of a minimal unit of information based on one of two possible states had already been proposed by Konrad Zuse, who called it a "JA - NEIN" ("YES - NO", in German). Programmer: a person who writes in language of medium or high level, as opposed to coder: a person who writes only in low level code (machine code, in numbering base of two). 1949: Short Order Code, by Mandy (Univac), first scientific programming language. Since that time some programmers use the term "bug" in reference to different kinds of unexpected programming errors. Sequential programming was the rule until 1971 or so, and continue being the practice today for minor programmes.

Together with his essay of 1854, it is the origin of the Boolean Logic used today for different purposes. 1936: essay explaining the application of Boolean Logic to electric circuits, by Claude Shannon (Massachussetts Institute of Technology). 1834-1871: Analytic Machine using perforated cardboard cards, for processing logic symbols (which is the basis of Artificial Intelligence), and up to 100 numbers of 40 ciphers each, using numbering base of ten, by Charles Babbage. Most previous computers or calculators had been only mechanic, some had been electro-mechanic, but all of them using numbering base of ten by means of pinion wheels (in the mechanic devices), or of electric relais (in the electro-mechanic devices). It would have been the first hardware programmable mechanic arithmetic (digital) computer, but because it was only built in 1991, that honour corresponds to computers built in the 1930's. The majority of operational computers of advanced concept, in numbering base of two, which were built in the 1930's and until the mid 1940's, were electro-mechanic rather than purely mechanic.

It used numbering base of ten, perforated cards and 17 474 vacuum tubes at 100 Kilohertz, consuming 150 Kilowatt for operation, plus the consumption of the refrigeration system (necessary to extract the heat generated by the vacuum tubes), programmable by hardware connections. Electro-mechanic computers predominated from the 1930's to the early 1950's. They were programmed by hardware connections. 1938: Z-2, electro-mechanic computer using magnetic relais, keyboard for input and panel of lights for output, plus perforated film strips for input or output, by Konrad Zuse. 1642-1652: Pascaline, calculator machine of pinion wheels for adding two or three numbers, up to the number 999 999, using numbering base of ten, by Blaise Pascal (1623-1662). Several of them were built. A famous arithmetical competition was organised in 1946, confronting two well known specialists in calculations: a soldier of the United States Army using an electro-mechanic desktop calculator, and a clerk of the Japanese Postal Service using a typical Japanese abacus. 1623: calculator machine of pinion wheels for adding, using numbering base of ten, by Wilhelm Heinrich Schickart (or Schickard). 1937-1943: Harvard Mark I, electro-mechanic computer using magnetic relais, perforated cardboard cards and numbering base of ten, operational in 1943 and presented to the public in 1944, by the group of Howard Aiken (Harvard University and International Business Machines), with support of the United States Navy.

Presented to the public in 1946, the ENIAC had a height of over 4 metres, a length of almost 30 metres, and a weight of 4 Megagrammes for its core only, almost 30 Megagrammes counting its peripherals and support systems. It was presented to the public in 1939, although it was unfinished and so it remained. The player must then pocket a numbered ball, or cause the cue ball or any numbered ball to contact a rail. But we know from the aforementioned definition of the ellipse that any such path must have exactly the same length! Balls have a diameter of 2 7/16 inches. Although kids go over the moon for an orb that glows in the dark, white or colorful balls are OK, too. All of the kids can take turns being heroes. Think your kids are little angels? Most advanced computers built since the mid 1940's are fully electronic, although purely mechanical or electro-mechanical counters or calculators were built until the 1970's. 1847: The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, essay by George Boole. Prolog has some dialects, intended for small or for big computers.

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